Asthma, Eczema, Hay Fever

​

The atopic triad, consisting of asthma, eczema, and hay fever, has long intrigued medical researchers and practitioners alike. Recent advances in our understanding of these conditions have led to the emergence of a fascinating phenomenon known as the atopic march. This progression sheds light on why these seemingly disparate conditions frequently occur together and provides insights into the complex web of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to their development.

​

Asthma, eczema, and hay fever, collectively referred to as the atopic triad, are allergic conditions that share several common features. They are all characterized by aberrant immune responses, resulting in various degrees of inflammation and discomfort. The atopic march refers to the sequence in which these conditions tend to develop over time, often starting with eczema and potentially progressing to hay fever and asthma.

​

Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, frequently precedes the emergence of other atopic diseases. This early manifestation of allergic sensitization can act as a harbinger for subsequent conditions, providing valuable insights into the complex pathophysiological processes underlying the atopic march. Individuals with atopic dermatitis are particularly predisposed to the development of allergies, setting the stage for the atopic march to unfold.

​

The connection between asthma, hay fever, and eczema is not merely coincidental, rather it is rooted in the intricate interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has revealed a striking overlap in the genetic risk variants associated with these conditions. These shared genetic markers often disrupt the proper expression of immune-related genes, leading to an increased susceptibility to allergic responses.

​

The American Academy of Dermatology highlights the significant risk that individuals with eczema face when it comes to developing other health conditions, including asthma, hay fever, and food allergies. While the symptoms of these conditions may change or taper off with time, the atopic march follows a distinct pattern. Atopic dermatitis often takes the lead, paving the way for the subsequent development of food allergies, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), and finally, allergic asthma.

​

The severity and chronicity of atopic dermatitis appear to be closely linked to the likelihood of progressing along the atopic march. Studies have shown that children with more severe and persistent eczema are at a higher risk of developing other atopic diseases. The relationship between atopic dermatitis and food allergies, for instance, is particularly noteworthy. Research indicates a strong association between the severity and age of onset of atopic dermatitis and the likelihood of food sensitization.

​

A telling correlation also exists between the severity of atopic dermatitis and the risk of developing asthma. While around 20% of children with mild atopic dermatitis may develop asthma, this figure jumps to over 60% for those with severe atopic dermatitis. This underscores the critical role that atopic dermatitis plays in the atopic march and its potential impact on subsequent allergic conditions.

​

While not every child with eczema will inevitably progress along the atopic march, certain predictive factors increase the likelihood of developing hay fever and asthma. A family history of these conditions, along with the frequency and severity of eczema flares, emerge as key indicators. Eczema that persists or frequently flares during infancy appears to be particularly associated with the development of food allergies.

​

In conclusion, the atopic march offers a compelling glimpse into the intricate connections of our immune system's responses. The relationship between asthma, eczema, and hay fever is not merely coincidental—it is an orchestrated sequence influenced by genetics, immune dysregulation, and environmental factors. However there is more research to be done to uncover the exact mechanics of the atopic march. 

​

Resources:​

• AAD

• NIH 2018

• NIH 2019